How can sources be acknowledged

Complete and accurate citing and documenting of all external sources help writers achieve three very important goals:. Every time writers cite and document their sources, they do it in two places in the paper—in the text itself and at the end of the paper, in a list of works cited or bibliography. A citation is incomplete and, by and large, useless to the readers, if either of the parts is missing.

Please note that I give this example at this point in the chapter only to demonstrate the two parts of a citation. In-text citations are also known as parenthetical citations or parenthetical references because, at the end of the citation, parentheses are used.

See the example below:. In this example, the parenthetical citation refers to the last name of the author of the source as well as to the page number in the source on which the quotation cited can be found.

Bishop, Wendy. The reasons why each citation, regardless of the type of source and the documentation system being used, has two parts are simple. One of these reasons is to identify and acknowledge specific details and information in a composition that a writer borrowed from an external source. This is done with a parenthetical or in-text citation see above. The other reason is to give their readers enough information to enable them, if necessary, to find the same source that the paper cites.

For instance, if we look at the kinds of information provided in the citation just above authors, titles, volume and issue numbers, dates of publication, page numbers, etc.

You are borrowing ideas. Therefore, even if you are not directly quoting the source, but instead paraphrasing or summarizing it, you still need to cite it both in the text and at the end of the paper in a works cited or references list.

For instance, if you say in your writing that the Earth rotates around the Sun or that Ronald Reagan was a US President, you do not need to cite the sources of this common knowledge formally. Plagiarism is a problem that exists beyond college, university, and high school campuses. A recent example is Monica Crowley, who was appointed as a senior director of national security by then president-elect Donald Trump but declined the appointment after it was found out that she plagiarized large portions of her book What the Bleep Just Happened?

With the advent of the Internet, it has become relatively easy to download complete papers. Clearly, the use of such services by student writers is dishonest and dishonorable. Your college or university has probably adopted strict policies for dealing with plagiarizing writers. The confidential peer review process is thought to be a common source of plagiarism. Consider the scenario where the offender is a journal or conference referee, or a member of a review panel for a funding agency. He reads a paper or a grant proposal describing a promising new methodology in an area of research directly related to his own work.

The grant fails to get funded based perhaps on his negative evaluation of the protocol. He then goes back to his lab and prepares a grant proposal using the methodology stolen from the proposal that he refereed earlier and submits his proposal to a different granting agency. Cases similar to the above scenario have been documented in the research misconduct literature see Price, Most of us would deem the behavior depicted in the above scenario as downright despicable.

Unfortunately, similar situations have occurred. In fact, elements of the above scenario are based on actual cases of scientific misconduct investigated by ORI. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. UC Referencing Guide. Toggle Dropdown APA 7th ed. Evaluating Information Sources. Insert a number either in brackets or slightly above the line in your text at the end of the sentence or immediately following a direct quotation or idea that is being used from a source.

For footnotes, the information about the source of each numbered reference is given at the bottom of each page of your text. With endnotes this information is given in a list at the end of your work. Q: You have details of the information and the source of information you are using in an assignment but you are not sure whether you have recorded the exact words of the authors of the works.

A: No. If you wish to quote the exact words of another person and show this by using quotation marks, the quotation needs to be exact. Take care in your note-taking to indicate where you have recorded the exact words of another person.

You may wish to paraphrase and acknowledge accordingly. Q: You have spent a lot of time researching material from the web for a major assignment.

You have reduced about pages of information from five websites to five pages of points. By this stage, these points seem more like your work than the original creators. A: Yes.