Proactively teach your child skills that will prevent them from exhibiting disruptive behavior. Teach empathy so they can understand how their rude behavior affects those around them. Pause when you're reading books to ask questions about how a character's behavior affected the other people in the story. Teach healthy ways to deal with uncomfortable feelings. Show kids how to cope with anxiety, fear, loneliness, or rejection without acting out.

Kids often misbehave as a means to get attention. Giving your child attention for behaving can prevent them from acting out. Rather than scolding your child for interrupting every time they butt into the conversation, pause when you're talking to a friend and say, "Thank you for playing so quietly. Praising good behavior can encourage your child to keep up the good work. It shows that the best way to get attention is to follow the rules. Ignoring will only work if everyone in the family is able to be on board.

It's important that everyone is on board and able to ignore the obnoxious behavior. If not, you might need to try a different strategy.

If your child is showing off when you have visitors, they may think they are entertaining people. Or, if they are not sure how to invite other children to play with them , they may act out in an attempt to get their peers' attention.

Those loud noises are annoying" or even "Those noises hurt my ears. Say something like, "I know you want the other kids to play with you. But blocking them from running across the bridge is annoying them. Ask them if you can play with them rather than interrupting the game they're already playing. Anxiety can contribute to or lead to depression and other mental health issues as well.

If you have anxiety, you may be concerned or you may have even received criticism that you are becoming a "pain in the neck. However, much of this annoyance comes from misunderstanding or ignorance about anxiety.

Your friends and family need to know that these fears and bodily sensations you are live with are real and not a figment of your imagination.

They need to know that they not easy to control or something to "just get over. It is also important to consider that people do not actually think you are a pain in the neck in most cases. Many of those negative thoughts and fears are a product of your anxious brain.

Especially for someone living with social anxiety, it can feel as if people are paying close attention to you, even judging you as if you're under a magnifying glass when you really have no way of knowing if they even care to pay attention. This is sometimes referred to as a "fishbowl" mentality that you are somehow on display, and everyone is watching. Evidence suggests that most other people are too concerned with what is going on inside themselves to care a whole lot about what you—or anyone else—is doing.

Challenging these types of cognitive distortions is part of what a therapist can help you do to manage anxiety. We'll talk more about that below. On the part of the person living with anxiety, there are many strategies to control or modify symptoms of clinical anxiety.

Learning relaxation skills and trying meditation are helpful methods that can decrease the responses of the sympathetic nervous system. Talk therapies such as CBT cognitive behavioral therapy can help change how you think about the things that can make you anxious and can help change your responses to anxiety like avoidance behaviors so that you can feel less limited and isolated by your symptoms.

There are also medications that can improve feeling overly anxious. Exposure therapy can also be help you face your fears, calm your body, and gain confidence. If you are currently experiencing this type of anxiety, you might consider talking to a professional to see what kind of therapy would be best for you.

If your symptoms are severe enough that you rarely leave the house, being able to connect to a counselor online who can help you could be life changing. Studies show that online counseling can improve your mental health. I once got sick and had to go to a hospital during a trip too.

How is your husband doing now? If the other person wants to know more about your experience, they can ask you to tell them the whole story. Practical jokes and pranks can be funny in the right situation, but they can be annoying or even upsetting for some people. See this guide on how to be funny in a conversation.

Keep your phone in your pocket or in your bag at social events. Turn off your notifications. Most people want to have balanced friendships. This means that both people help each other out in times of need, and both put a similar amount of effort into the relationship. If you repeatedly ask for favors — even if they are small — your friends will start to resent you.

Try not to say things like:. But if you understand the overall point they are making, nitpicking will only annoy them. When you catch yourself being pedantic, apologize. For example, avoid talking with your mouth full, slurping your coffee, whistling or singing loudly, or borrowing something without permission.

Even if a friend talks about the same thing over and over again or keeps making the same mistakes, they might not want your opinion. Some people prefer to vent and want empathy rather than advice. For example:. I feel like people switch off when I start talking about my experiences. Read this guide that explains how to be good at telling stories. If you ask a lot of questions without sharing something about yourself, you might come across as annoying or as an interrogator.

Mix questions with self-disclosure. Enjoyable conversations are usually balanced. You: When I was in school, I had some awesome teachers.

You can find more tips in this guide on how to have a conversation without asking too many questions. There is a tendency, even amongst people who are not obnoxious, to cross your legs or arms when sitting.

However, doing so can make you look closed off, or even mean. Sit and stand in a way that communicates that you are kind and inviting. Stand with your arms uncrossed, sit with your legs uncrossed and knees together, or slightly apart. Keep your hands open and visible. Another way that obnoxious people annoy others is by being very loud in conversation. If you do this as well, work to actively keep your voice down.

You should not resort to whispering, however, but instead maintaining a respectful tone. Part 3. Listen to others. One key aspect to overcoming your obnoxious behavior is to actively, and respectfully listen to others when they are speaking.

Obnoxious people often only listen, respond, or, even worse, to interrupt. While your friend is speaking, keep your thoughts and comments to yourself until they have finished speaking. Think carefully about their words and try to stay focused.

Be honest, but not mean. There is a difference between being truthful and genuine, rather than being downright rude. Consider if what you want to say is truly necessary. If you have a tendency to be rude or insulting, actively work to eradicate that behavior. Choose your words carefully and season any uncomfortable truths with some sweetness.

But I will love you and support you no matter what you decide. Be more positive. Negative talk can be draining for your friends and family, as it is likely affecting them more than you are aware of. This will help you be more grateful and pleasant to be around. Though you may get excited when in conversation with someone, hold your comment to yourself until they are done speaking.

Interrupting someone is a surefire way to put them on guard and make them feel annoyed with you. Avoid giving advice unless asked. Another behavior that is obnoxious is when people inject advice into situations where it was not asked for, or solicited.

Remember that, and allow them to make their own choices.

This is one of the many reasons why living in fellowship with the Holy Spirit is so important — it allows us to experience His power and His presence when we pray. But not only does He make His power available to us when we pray, He also prays for us! Listen to the marvelous truth of Romans He continuously helps us.

The things that capture our attention and drive us to our knees are heavy — too heavy to bear alone, and often too complex to express with words alone.

Notice that the Holy Spirit helps in our weaknesses. For we do not know what we should pray for as we ought. Actually, that word should be translated weakness.

The Holy Spirit helps us through making intercession for us. The Holy Spirit is waiting to plead your case before the Father. The Holy Spirit intercedes with groaning which cannot be uttered.

And what is the result? Now He who searches the hearts knows what the mid of the Spirit is, because He makes intercession for the saints according to the will of God. You must be logged in to post a comment. The Foundations of The Doctrine of Scripture. Comments Cancel Reply You must be logged in to post a comment. The Spirit who searches the deep things of God desires to help us pray. When we pray in the Spirit we are praying along with the will of God himself.

When we pray in the Spirit we are asking God to do the very thing he desires to do. Prayer is meant to be as simple as asking God to fill us with the knowledge of his desire and then praying in accordance with that desire in full faith because God will always fulfill his promises.

For we do not know what to pray for as we ought, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words.

Did you know that he intercedes on your behalf? So great is his love for you that he asks God to help you. Take time today to listen to your Helper as you enter into a time of prayer. And he who searches hearts knows what is the mind of the Spirit, because the Spirit intercedes for the saints according to the will of God.

Before you speak, listen. Pray in line with what the Spirit has revealed to you. Ask God, in faith, to bless you with whatever you feel he has shown you. Pray along with Scripture! Can you operate a budget on prayer? But when you do that you are attempting something only God can do. What do most of us do? We set the practical budget, which is the total of what we can do. Then we set a hope or faith budget. The budget we really trust and use, however, is the one we can reach by ourselves.

We do not really trust God to do anything. That became our operating budget. At the end of the year, I asked our treasurer how much money we had received. People from all over came to assist us. During the course of the fair, we became a catalyst to see almost 20 thousand people come to know Jesus Christ. Only God could have done that.

Then know He is calling you to pray! Yes, understanding how prayer works can be difficult, so how does prayer work?

First, the Father initiates prayer. When we pray, we pray to the Father, through the Son, and by the Holy Spirit. Of course, we can actually pray to any of the persons of the Trinity. Jesus taught us to pray to the Father in the Lord's Prayer when he said, "This Jesus also invited us to pray to him. He said to his disciples, "You may ask me for anything in my name But did you know God initiates our prayers. Paul says the help that the Holy Spirit gives us in prayer is "in accordance with God's will.

Prayer is the Father's idea. He knows what he wants to accomplish in our lives and in our world, and he provides for us the help we need to pray in accord with his will. When you were a child you may have prayed for a chocolate bar to magically appear in your hand. To seek His will; delve into His Word, because God who initiated prayers, wants you to know His will.

The second way prayer works has to do with the Holy Spirit's intercession within us. When we give our lives to Christ, the Holy Spirit comes to reside in us. He is our helper, our mediator. He speaks to our hearts thru Scripture. He regenerates us John thru the second birth. He anoints us 1 John , He guides you John ; He sanctifies you that is, He makes you holy. He is your helper, your teacher who, as Romans says, helps us in our weakness, makes intercession for us before the throne of God.

The Greek word for intercession literally means "to meet with to converse. Paul's reference to the Holy Spirit interceding for us in Romans means that the Holy Spirit meets with us to help us know what God wants us to pray. The Spirit's normal location of operation is within believers, for the Spirit lives in us. Understanding another word in Romans …..

In the original language the word for "groans" can also mean "yearnings. In other words, we pray as enabled by the Spirit — He convicts us to pray. In the past this was called the unction of the Spirit. As the Father initiates prayer and the Holy Spirit transmits the yearnings of the Father to our hearts, it is Christ who first hears our prayers, discerns what the Spirit has planted within us, and takes our prayers to the Father's throne. We are highly favored.

We have a Father who spurs us to pray, His Son who listens intently and takes our prayers to the throne, and a Spirit who will pray for us when we know not how or what to pray.

Fear not. Those prayers are just as viable as the well-articulated prayers of the saints. Putting these ideas together, we have what may be called a cycle of prayer. Prayer starts with God the Father. Believers, responding to the Spirit's promptings, pray what the Spirit gives them. Then Jesus Christ, by searching the hearts of believers, discovers the prayers quickened in us by the Spirit and presents them to the Father.

The Father recognizes the prayers brought to him by his Son as the very prayers that he initiated. Even more gratifying is knowing that the cycle of prayer was created by God for us as a means of communication with our Maker. Prayer is for us — the saints of God. We are highly favored!! We have a direct line to the throne room of the King of Kings and Lord of Lords. Are you starting to get the picture of how highly favored you are? I hope so! Prayers take many different forms in our world.

Not all of them are right. Some people, like Tibetan Buddhists, write their prayers on small pieces of paper and place them on a prayer wheel. As the wheel turns, the prayers are supposedly prayed. Some native peoples in Central America create figurines that represent the things they are praying about. But Biblical prayer is different. It is distinctive. It is not chanting or mystical. Many believers remember these basic elements of prayer with the acronym ACTS in which A stands for adoration or praise, C for confession, T for thanksgiving, and S for supplication, asking.

As the Spirit helps us to know what to pray and how to pray, he helps us with "all kinds of prayers and requests" Eph. The Spirit helps us praise God for who he is. The Spirit helps us thank God for what he gives for it is the Spirit who opens our eyes and enlightens us 1 Corinthians , I love what 2 Corinthians says about godly sorrow.

For you were made sorry in a godly manner, that you might suffer loss from us in nothing. For godly sorrow produces repentance leading to salvation, not to be regretted; but the sorrow of the world produces death.

For observe this very thing, that you sorrowed in a godly manner: What diligence it produced in you, what clearing of yourselves, what indignation, what fear, what vehement desire, what zeal, what vindication! Did you catch all the list of things produced in us if we truly sorrow over sin:. All this the Spirit works in us when we grieve over sin.

Also, the Spirit helps us know our personal needs, both material and spiritual, and He will give us words to ask in accord with His will 1 Corinthians The Spirit shares with us the burdens of God for lost and hurting persons and helps us translate those burdens into prayers of intercession for the Spirit gives us the mind of Christ 1 Corinthians Of course, we can also pray without words.

This also is true prayer. In the words of a songwriter, "Prayer is the soul's sincere desire, unuttered or expressed, the motion of a hidden fire that trembles in the breast. There is real communication involving real persons—believers praying to the Father, through the Son, and by the Holy Spirit. What's So Great About Prayer?

Director's Message. Budget Proposal. Stories of Cancer Research. Driving Discovery. Highlighted Scientific Opportunities. Research Grants. Research Funding Opportunities. Cancer Grand Challenges. Research Program Contacts. Funding Strategy. Grants Policies and Process. Introduction to Grants Process. NCI Grant Policies.

Legal Requirements. Step 3: Peer Review and Funding Outcomes. Manage Your Award. Grants Management Contacts. Prior Approvals. Annual Reporting and Auditing. Transfer of a Grant. Grant Closeout. Cancer Training at NCI. Resources for Trainees. Funding for Cancer Training. Building a Diverse Workforce. National Cancer Act 50th Anniversary Commemoration. Resources for News Media. Media Contacts. Cancer Reporting Fellowships. Advisory Board Meetings. Social Media Events. Cancer Currents Blog.

Contributing to Cancer Research. Strategic Planning. Principal Deputy Director's Page. Previous NCI Directors. NCI Frederick. Advisory Boards and Review Groups. NCI Congressional Justification. Current Congress. Committees of Interest. Legislative Resources.

Recent Public Laws. Search Search. Cancer Treatment. Biomarker Testing. Cancer Treatment Vaccines. Checkpoint Inhibitors. Immune System Modulators. Side Effects. Monoclonal Antibodies. T-cell Transfer Therapy. Photodynamic Therapy. Radiation Therapy. External Beam Radiation.

Stem Cell Transplant. Targeted Therapy. Steps to Find a Clinical Trial. Help With Clinical Trials Search. What Are Clinical Trials? Where Trials Take Place. Types of Clinical Trials. Phases of Clinical Trials. Use of Placebos. Research Team Members. Paying for Clinical Trials. Staging surgery is done to learn how large the tumor is, if it has spread, and if so, where.

Your doctor may remove the entire tumor or take a sample. They may also take some lymph nodes near the cancer to learn if it has spread. Surgical removal of lymph nodes is also called a lymphadenectomy. Your lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection.

They are often the first place a cancer spreads. As imaging scans get more advanced, more and more staging is done using imaging studies like ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs, and X-rays. A pathologist will look at the tissue and talk with your oncologist about what they find.

The results of staging surgery and other tests help you and your doctor decide on treatment. The results can also help predict your chance of recovery. Tumor removal. Removing a tumor is a common type of cancer surgery. This may also be called a "resection" or "excision. The tissue around the tumor is called the margin. Tumor removal generally requires a larger incision, or cut, than a biopsy.

Sometimes, there are less invasive surgical options for tumor removal, like laparoscopic surgery or robotic surgery. These use small instruments and incisions. With a less invasive surgery, you usually have less pain and recover faster. Surgery may be the only cancer treatment needed. Or, you might also have additional treatments, like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Debulking is a surgery that removes part, but not all, of a tumor. Your doctor may not always be able to remove the entire tumor. It might damage other parts of your body or it might be too large. Debulking removes as much of the tumor as possible. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments might be given before or after this type of surgery. This can help shrink the tumor and treat the cancer.

Palliative surgery. The goal of palliative surgery is to relieve side effects caused by a tumor. It can improve your quality of life if you have advanced cancer. Examples are operations that can:. Put in a feeding tube or port for medication. Reconstructive surgery. Treating cancer can change the way you look or how your body works.

Reconstructive surgery can help with the effects of cancer treatment. Sometimes, reconstructive surgery is done at the same time the tumor is removed. Or you might wait until you have healed or had other treatments. Examples of reconstructive surgery include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy and surgery to restore appearance and function after head and neck surgery.

Learn more about reconstructive surgery. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. Philadelphia, Pa. Accessed April 30, Preventing and treating blood clots. What is cancer surgery? Townsend CM Jr, et al. Emerging technology in surgery: Informatics, robotics, electronics. What to expect when having surgery. Side effects of surgery. Einarsson JI. Overview of electrosurgery. See also Adjuvant therapy for cancer After a flood, are food and medicines safe to use?

Alternative cancer treatments: 10 options to consider Atypical cells: Are they cancer? Advice for dealing with what comes next Cancer-related fatigue Cancer pain: Relief is possible Cancer-prevention strategies Cancer risk: What the numbers mean Cancer survival rate Cancer survivors: Care for your body after treatment Cancer survivors: Late effects of cancer treatment Cancer survivors: Managing your emotions after cancer treatment Cancer survivors: Reconnecting with loved ones after treatment Cancer treatment decisions: 5 steps to help you decide Cancer treatment for men: Possible sexual side effects Cancer treatment for women: Possible sexual side effects Cancer treatment myths Cancer Vaccine Research Cellphones and cancer Chemo Targets Chemoembolization Chemotherapy Chemotherapy and hair loss: What to expect during treatment Chemotherapy and sex: Is sexual activity OK during treatment?

Chemotherapy nausea and vomiting: Prevention is best defense Chemotherapy side effects: A cause of heart disease? Curcumin: Can it slow cancer growth?

Cancer-related diarrhea Eating during cancer treatment: Tips to make food tastier Fatigue Fertility preservation Get ready for possible side effects of chemotherapy Ginger for nausea: Does it work? Heart cancer: Is there such a thing?

High-dose vitamin C: Can it kill cancer cells? Honey: An effective cough remedy? Tumor vs. Show more related content. Mayo Clinic Press Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Legal Conditions and Terms Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Advertising Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Advertising and sponsorship policy Advertising and sponsorship opportunities.

Reprint Permissions A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. This varies widely and depends on the type of cancer you have. But for some cancers, when the disease is diagnosed in the earliest stages, surgery is considered to be a cure. However, in other cases your treatment team may recommend additional therapy, such as radiation or chemotherapy, to eradicate those cells. Pathology reports and other information will help your doctor determine whether you need additional treatment.

In many ways cancer surgery is like any other surgery. For cancer surgery, you will need to follow up with your cancer care team and follow any recommendations about continued monitoring to catch any recurrence early.

Yale Medicine surgical oncologists and Yale Cancer Center providers are dedicated to improving the lives of cancer patients through clinical practice and research endeavors. According to Dr. For surgery, in particular, we are careful to answer all of their questions about the surgery and other treatments they will undergo as part of their multidisciplinary cancer treatment plan. Kahn says. Skip to Main Content. Print Share Download.

What is cancer? What role does surgery play in cancer care? Some important roles are as follows: Prevention: Some people know usually through genetic testing that they are at high risk for developing certain cancers.

Complete and accurate citing and documenting of all external sources help writers achieve three very important goals:. Every time writers cite and document their sources, they do it in two places in the paper—in the text itself and at the end of the paper, in a list of works cited or bibliography. A citation is incomplete and, by and large, useless to the readers, if either of the parts is missing.

Please note that I give this example at this point in the chapter only to demonstrate the two parts of a citation. In-text citations are also known as parenthetical citations or parenthetical references because, at the end of the citation, parentheses are used.

See the example below:. In this example, the parenthetical citation refers to the last name of the author of the source as well as to the page number in the source on which the quotation cited can be found.

Bishop, Wendy. The reasons why each citation, regardless of the type of source and the documentation system being used, has two parts are simple. One of these reasons is to identify and acknowledge specific details and information in a composition that a writer borrowed from an external source. This is done with a parenthetical or in-text citation see above. The other reason is to give their readers enough information to enable them, if necessary, to find the same source that the paper cites.

For instance, if we look at the kinds of information provided in the citation just above authors, titles, volume and issue numbers, dates of publication, page numbers, etc.

You are borrowing ideas. Therefore, even if you are not directly quoting the source, but instead paraphrasing or summarizing it, you still need to cite it both in the text and at the end of the paper in a works cited or references list.

For instance, if you say in your writing that the Earth rotates around the Sun or that Ronald Reagan was a US President, you do not need to cite the sources of this common knowledge formally. Plagiarism is a problem that exists beyond college, university, and high school campuses. A recent example is Monica Crowley, who was appointed as a senior director of national security by then president-elect Donald Trump but declined the appointment after it was found out that she plagiarized large portions of her book What the Bleep Just Happened?

With the advent of the Internet, it has become relatively easy to download complete papers. Clearly, the use of such services by student writers is dishonest and dishonorable. Your college or university has probably adopted strict policies for dealing with plagiarizing writers. The confidential peer review process is thought to be a common source of plagiarism. Consider the scenario where the offender is a journal or conference referee, or a member of a review panel for a funding agency. He reads a paper or a grant proposal describing a promising new methodology in an area of research directly related to his own work.

The grant fails to get funded based perhaps on his negative evaluation of the protocol. He then goes back to his lab and prepares a grant proposal using the methodology stolen from the proposal that he refereed earlier and submits his proposal to a different granting agency. Cases similar to the above scenario have been documented in the research misconduct literature see Price, Most of us would deem the behavior depicted in the above scenario as downright despicable.

Unfortunately, similar situations have occurred. In fact, elements of the above scenario are based on actual cases of scientific misconduct investigated by ORI. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. UC Referencing Guide. Toggle Dropdown APA 7th ed. Evaluating Information Sources. Insert a number either in brackets or slightly above the line in your text at the end of the sentence or immediately following a direct quotation or idea that is being used from a source.

For footnotes, the information about the source of each numbered reference is given at the bottom of each page of your text. With endnotes this information is given in a list at the end of your work. Q: You have details of the information and the source of information you are using in an assignment but you are not sure whether you have recorded the exact words of the authors of the works.

A: No. If you wish to quote the exact words of another person and show this by using quotation marks, the quotation needs to be exact. Take care in your note-taking to indicate where you have recorded the exact words of another person.

You may wish to paraphrase and acknowledge accordingly. Q: You have spent a lot of time researching material from the web for a major assignment.

You have reduced about pages of information from five websites to five pages of points. By this stage, these points seem more like your work than the original creators. A: Yes.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Bearelly P, et al. Recent advances in managing and understanding Klinefelter syndrome.

Ferri FF. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor Elsevier; Hererra Lizarazo A, et al. Endocrine aspects of Klinefelter syndrome. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. Wick MJ expert opinion. Mayo Clinic. Deng C, et al. Clinical application of noninvasive prenatal screening for sex chromosome aneuploidies in 50, pregnancies: Initial experience in a Chinese hospital. Scientific Reports. Parents of XXY males have also mentioned that taking part in physical activities at low-key levels , such as karate, swimming, tennis, and golf, were helpful in improving motor skills, coordination, and confidence.

With regard to education, some boys with KS will qualify to receive state-sponsored special needs services to address their developmental and learning symptoms. But, because these symptoms may be mild, many XXY males will not be eligible for these services. Families can contact a local school district official or special education coordinator to learn more about whether XXY males can receive the following free services:. Many of the professionals and methods for treating learning and language symptoms of the XXY condition are similar to or the same as the ones used to address social and behavioral symptoms.

For instance, boys with KS may need help with social skills and interacting in groups. Occupational or behavioral therapists might be able to assist with these skills. Some school districts and health centers might also offer these types of skill-building programs or classes.

In adolescence, symptoms such as lack of body hair could make XXY males uncomfortable in school or other social settings, and this discomfort can lead to depression, substance abuse, and behavioral problems or "acting out. Contrary to research results released decades ago, current research shows that XXY males are no more likely than other males to have serious psychiatric disorders or to get into trouble with the law.

The type of treatment needed depends on the type of symptoms being treated. Testosterone treatment can: Improve muscle mass Deepen the voice Promote growth of facial and body hair Help the reproductive organs to mature Build and maintain bone strength and help prevent osteoporosis in later years Produce a more masculine appearance, which can also help relieve anxiety and depression Increase focus and attention There are various ways to take testosterone: Injections or shots, every 2 to 3 weeks Pills Through the skin, also called transdermal pronounced tranz-DERM-ul ; current methods include wearing a testosterone patch or rubbing testosterone gel on the skin Males taking testosterone treatment should work closely with an endocrinologist pronounced en-doe-kren-AWL-oh-jist , a doctor who specializes in hormones and their functions, to ensure the best outcome from testosterone therapy.

Is testosterone therapy right for every XXY male? Not all males with XXY condition benefit from testosterone therapy. Treating Language and Learning Symptoms Some, but not all, children with KS have language development and learning delays. XXY males might benefit from any or all of the following: Physical therapists design activities and exercises to build motor skills and strength and to improve muscle control, posture, and balance. Occupational therapists help build skills needed for daily functioning, such as social and play skills, interaction and conversation skills, and job or career skills that match interests and abilities.

Behavioral therapist s help with specific social skills, such as asking other kids to play and starting conversations. They can also teach productive ways of handling frustration, shyness, anger, and other emotions that can arise from feeling "different.

They can also help with substance abuse problems. These professionals can also help families deal with the emotions of having a son with KS. Others have sparse body hair, enlarged breasts, and wide hips. In almost all men the testicles remain small. In some men the penis does not reach adult size. Their voices may not be as deep. They usually have infertility. But they can have a normal sex life.

Some boys with Klinefelter syndrome have language and learning problems. Klinefelter syndrome usually is not diagnosed until the time of puberty. At this point, the boy's testicles fail to grow, and you may start to notice other symptoms. To find out if your son has Klinefelter syndrome, your doctor will ask questions about his past health, do a physical exam, and order tests, such as a hormone test and chromosome analysis. In adult men, other tests may be done, such as semen analysis.

Sometimes Klinefelter syndrome is found before a baby is born prenatally. Genetic tests on cells collected from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling CVS can show when a baby boy has Klinefelter syndrome.

So the condition may be found when a pregnant woman has genetic tests for another reason. Males with Klinefelter syndrome can be given testosterone, a hormone needed for sexual development. If treatment is started around the age of puberty, it can help boys with the sexual development of their bodies. Testosterone is given by injection or through a skin patch or gel. The treatment usually continues throughout a man's life but does not help infertility.

Speech therapy and educational support can help boys who have language or learning problems. If your son has been diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome:. Variants of the disease with three, four, or more extra X chromosomes are less common. These variants affect 1 in 50, or fewer newborns. Sometimes symptoms are so mild that they go unnoticed. Or symptoms can be misdiagnosed being caused by other similar conditions. Everyone is born with 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes in total, inside each of their cells.

These include two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Boys with Klinefelter syndrome are born with an extra X, causing their cells to have XXY chromosomes. This mistake happens randomly during conception. Some boys have more than one extra X chromosome.

Others have different chromosome abnormalities in each cell. This is called mosaicism. This condition is usually random and not caused by anything either parent did. Women who are over age 35 when they get pregnant are slightly more likely to give birth to a baby with Klinefelter syndrome.

A small number of males with Klinefelter syndrome are diagnosed before birth when their mother has one of these tests:. If your child is slow to develop, see an endocrinologist. This doctor specializes in diagnosing and treating hormonal conditions. During the exam, your doctor will ask about any symptoms or development issues you or your child has. Two types of tests are used to diagnose Klinefelter syndrome:.

To check if the driver installed successfully click on the speaker icon in the system tray then check the output device says Realtek you may need to change the output device.

If you are still having issues with the audio or sound not working on your computer then check this troubleshooting page for audio problems here. Click on the following Realtek link here 2. If you are unsure how to do this then check out this post here 3. Make sure you save any work as you will need to restart your system 4. Select the device you want to troubleshoot and then continue through the troubleshooter.

You can also launch the troubleshooter from audio Settings. Check your speaker and headphone connections for loose cords or cables. Make sure all cords and cables are plugged in. If you have multiple 5mm jacks to plug into, especially on a surround sound system, make sure all cords and cables are plugged into the correct jack.

Note : Some systems use a green jack for output and pink for mic input and others will be labeled "headphone" or "microphone. It's possible that your speakers won't work when your headphones are plugged in. Unplug your headphones and see if that helps. Right-click the Speakers icon on the taskbar, and then select Open Volume mixer.

Make sure none of them are muted. In that case, select the volume control to unmute. Check your device properties to make sure that your devices have not been disabled by mistake.

Select your audio device, and then select Device properties. Be sure to select Device properties for both the output and input devices. Make sure the Disable check box is cleared for the output and input devices.

Hardware problems can be caused by outdated or malfunctioning drivers. Make sure your audio driver is up to date and update it if needed. If that doesn't work, try uninstalling the audio driver it will reinstall automatically. If that doesn't work, try using the generic audio driver that comes with Windows. If you're having audio issues after installing updates, try rolling back your audio driver.

In the search box on the taskbar, type device manager , then select it from the results. Select the arrow next to Sound, video and game controllers to expand it. Right-click the listing for your sound card or audio device, such as headphones or speakers, select Update driver , then select Search automatically for updated driver software. Follow the instructions to complete the update. If Windows doesn't find a new driver, look for one on the device manufacturer's website and follow those instructions.

If that doesn't work, try uninstalling your audio driver. Right-click the listing for your sound card or audio device, select Uninstall device , select the Delete the driver software for this device check box, and then select Uninstall.

Note: Be sure to save documents and any other current work before you restart. Select the audio device whose driver you want to update, select Next , and then follow the instructions to install it. Following is an example of a driver download page for a sound device manufacturer. Right-click the listing for your sound card or audio device, then select Properties. Select the Driver tab, then select Roll Back Driver. Read and follow the instructions and then select Yes if you want to roll back your audio driver.

If rolling back your audio driver didn't work or wasn't an option, you can try to restore your PC from a system restore point. When Microsoft installs updates on your system, we create a system restore point in case problems arise.

Try restoring from that point and see if that fixes your sound problems. For more info, see "Restore from a system restore point" in Recovery options in Windows If you're connecting to an audio device—such as headphones or speakers—using USB or HDMI, you might need to set that device as the default audio device.

You can check that when you set your default output audio device. You can get Realtek drivers from; Windows Updates. The website for the manufacturer of your system e. Dell or HP. Manually install audio drivers To install audio drivers on Windows 10, Download the driver that you want to install. Run the executable file. Follow the on-screen instructions and complete the download. Restart the system. Install drivers from Windows Update You can install audio drivers from Windows Update but this method is not as reliable as a manual installation because Windows Update may find and install an older driver.

Get daily tips in your inbox Newsletter. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published.

How closely have you been paying attention to what's been going on during the past seven days? We spoke to people caught in the middle. Thu, 11 Nov GMT Poland-Belarus: How social media posts fuelled the migrant crisis Messages on social media had a key role in a mass move of migrants to the Polish border this week. Thu, 11 Nov GMT Himalayan village split in two by climate change In Kumik, in India's northern Ladakh region, there is a serious water crisis, with some residents forced to abandon their homes and move elsewhere.

Thu, 11 Nov GMT Seven ways to curb climate change What are the practical things countries need to do in order to tackle climate change?

Are rich countries close to meeting their climate promises to the developing world? He describes the mood as the summit nears its conclusion. Despite green energy investment promises, many governments still financially back the fossil fuel industry. Thu, 11 Nov GMT The man turning cities into giant sponges to embrace floods Yu Kongjian's sponge city, based on ancient Chinese wisdom, seeks to change how we deal with floods. Wed, 10 Nov GMT. Created by Alexander Tsybulsky.

Add to My channels. My channels. Name Newest Popular. Fox Sports Spain Sport. Win TV Romania Music. Beyaz TV Turkey General. America 2 Argentina Entertainment.

PAX Peru Religious. Tele Juan Peru General. Pacifico Television Peru General. TV Chiclayo Peru General. Oktoberfest Webcam Germany Webcam. TV Lav Serbia General. News 24 ALbania News. Tuba TV Poland Music. HBO 2 Brazil Movies. Arta Kosovo Entertainment. Motori TV Italy Entertainment. UNT Ukraine General. Channel Disney Russia Kids.

No worries about long term contracts or bills going up. Another cool thing about Hulu Live TV is the trial. You can watch TNT online free for 7 days before you decide if you want to even keep it for that first month. All you have to do is sign up here for 7 days free and start your test drive. Hulu Live TV works on most devices. As you can see, there are some easy, free and cheap options to live stream TNT without cable! Want to cut out that insane cable TV bill?

For more detailed information on how streaming services like these help you cut the cord, visit our cord cutting guide here. Join thousands of Houstonians. History The channel was based on the webcasting service that was launched on Aftonbladet.

In February , Aftonbladet was granted a license to broadcast on Weekdays. Axess TV would broadcast in the Weekends. During this period, the schedule consisted almost solely of content from the webcasts and reruns.

The full launch as TV7 occurred on 9 October Within a few weeks the channel launched on satellite from Canal Digital and Viasat and digital cable from Com Hem. The schedule now started at 5 p. The evening schedule featured both programmes produced in-house at Aftonbladet and acquired programming, including many British lifestyle programmes.

Insert details about how the information is going to be processed. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Find Article Search.

Video Course. Hypersistence Optimizer. ERP Contact. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Our Cookie Policy. The following example compares two queries that are semantically equivalent. The following example shows two queries to find stores whose name is the same name as a vendor. The following example shows queries to find employees of departments that start with P. The following example finds employees who are not in departments which have names that start with P.

The following example identifies whether any rows in the ProspectiveBuyer table could be matches to rows in the DimCustomer table.

The query will return rows only when both the LastName and BirthDate values in the two tables match. What I don't understand is how does the outer query know which row the subquery is checking?

For example:. I understand that if the id from the supplier and orders table match, the subquery will return true and all the columns from the matching row in the suppliers' table will be outputted. What I don't get is how the subquery communicates which specific row lets say the row with supplier id 25 should be printed if only a true or false is being returned.

For 'each' row from Suppliers , check if there 'exists' a row in the Order table that meets the condition Suppliers. But, the application is interested in displaying the full name of a student , not just the identifier, so we need info from the student table as well.

The outer query selects the student row columns we are interested in returning to the client. The database engine does not have to run the subquery entirely. This query says, in effect:. Ponies comment is correct. You'd need to do grouping with that join, or select distinct depending on the data you need. What you describe is a so called query with a correlated subquery. In general it's something that you should try to avoid by writing the query by using a join instead:. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group.

Create a free Team What is Teams? Collectives on Stack Overflow. Learn more. Ask Question. Asked 10 years, 6 months ago. Active 10 months ago. Viewed 98k times. I came across this quote about "exists" and don't understand something: Using the exists operator, your subquery can return zero, one, or many rows, and the condition simply checks whether the subquery returned any rows.

It appears to me that there is no relationship between the outer query and the subquery. Improve this question. Veer Shrivastav 5, 11 11 gold badges 46 46 silver badges 81 81 bronze badges. Dan Dan 1 1 gold badge 7 7 silver badges 3 3 bronze badges. Add a comment.

More details Which Bus lines stop near Orchard Beach? More details Which Subway lines stop near Orchard Beach? More details. Baking Co. Last updated on November 11, Change language. Get the App. Wearing a face mask on public transport in Orchard Beach is recommended. Is it compulsory to practice social distancing in Orchard Beach? The social distance requirement in Orchard Beach is 2 metres. What is the cheapest way to get from Manhattan to Orchard Beach?

What is the fastest way to get from Manhattan to Orchard Beach? Is there a direct bus between Manhattan and Orchard Beach? How far is it from Manhattan to Orchard Beach? It is 11 miles from Manhattan to Orchard Beach.

It is approximately How do I travel from Manhattan to Orchard Beach without a car? How long does it take to get from Manhattan to Orchard Beach? Where do I catch the Manhattan to Orchard Beach bus from?

Where does the Manhattan to Orchard Beach bus arrive? Can I drive from Manhattan to Orchard Beach? Where can I stay near Orchard Beach? Launch map view. Train operators. Contact Details Website mta. Traditional subway entrance. Street ticketing machines. Report Pollution. Monitoring Frequency. Orchard Beach is sampled weekly from May 15th to September 15th.

Source Information. Water Quality Graph. Chart Type Pie Bar. Interval Years Quarters Monthly. Time Period Other Beaches Near This One. New Rochelle, New York. Bronx, New York. Previous Page. Next Page. Swim Guide is supported by. Last bus departs at:. Buses departing Thursday, November 11, MTA Bus Company.

Buses departing Friday, November 12, Show more on maps. What is the cheapest way to get from The Bronx to Orchard Beach? Is there a direct bus between The Bronx and Orchard Beach? How far is it from The Bronx to Orchard Beach? The distance between The Bronx and Orchard Beach is 4 miles. How long does it take to get from The Bronx to Orchard Beach?

Where does the The Bronx to Orchard Beach bus arrive? Where can I stay near Orchard Beach?

Applying for Spanish citizenship - Frequently asked questions Who can apply for Spanish citizenship by descent? You can obtain Spanish citizenship by descent if: Your mother or father is a Spanish national Both your parents were born in Spain You were adopted by Spanish a national prior to your 18th birthday You have Spanish grandparents What are the benefits of obtaining Spanish citizenship? Here are some of the advantages of becoming a Spanish citizen, whether you are applying for reasons of travel, work, or have family commitments: 1.

Travelling is easier Travel is less stressful for you and your family, particularly if you travel to and from Spain on a regular basis. The right to vote For most people, native-born or otherwise, the right to vote in the country in which you reside is an important part of life.

What are the steps for applying for Spanish citizenship through descent? For more information please click here What documents do I need to obtain for a Spanish citizenship application? The documents you need will vary depending on your route to citizenship and may include: Your current passport and residency documentation, if applicable Spanish marriage certificate Proof of employment in Spain Criminal background check A document confirming you have passed the DELE A2 and CCSE exams Proof of payment regarding the application fees How much does it cost to apply for Spanish citizenship?

Is there an alternative way to apply for Spanish citizenship if I do not have Spanish relatives? There are a number of alternative ways to apply for citizenship in Spain, including: Application through marriage; if you are married to a Spanish citizen By residence or possession of status; if you have lawfully lived in Spain for ten years or more. Sephardic ancestry is an exception to this — you can read our guide to applying for Spanish citizenship through Sephardic ancestry for more information.

Do you need assistance in applying for Spanish citizenship? Can you get a Spanish passport if your husband is Spanish? In this case, the term for opting for nationality is the two years from the determination of parentage or birth. Those persons whose adoption by Spanish nationals occurs after reaching eighteen years of age. In this case the right to opt for Spanish nationality is valid for a term of two years after the legalisation of the adoption. Nationality by residence This method of acquisition of nationality requires continued legal residence in Spain for ten years immediately prior to the application.

These are: Five years: for the granting of Spanish nationality to those persons who have obtained refugee status Two years: for nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal or persons of Sephardic origin. One year: Persons born in Spanish territory. Persons who have not exercised their right to Spanish nationality by option. Nationality by naturalisation This method of acquiring nationality is ex gratia and is not subject to the general rules of administrative procedure.

More information Ministry of Justice How can Spanish nationality be acquired? Twitter SpainMFA. We are the fourth country in the world with the most World Heritage Sites.

Links of Interest. Sede Palacio de Santa Cruz. Plaza de la Provincia, 1. Moreover, the Spanish Civil Code has paved the way for the following benefits that come with being a citizen of Spain:. That means all the above-listed benefits you gain with your Spanish citizenship are here to stay for the long haul. Of course, when it comes to living in Spain, there are quite a few options to choose from.

Put simply, the primary difference between permanent residency and citizenship is the ability to retain your original nationality.

Additionally, it can take up to 10 years of living as a permanent residency in Spain to become an official Spanish citizen, while permanent residency only takes 5 years before you can apply for your permit. However, there are a few exceptions. There are actually four different ways you can acquire your Spanish citizenship, but they all come with different requirements. As mentioned earlier, to become a Spanish citizen through residency, you must be living in Spain for up to 10 years.

This is the process commonly referred to as naturalization. Of course, you must be living and working in Spain year-round to attain naturalization. Becoming a Spanish citizen via marriage is a pretty straightforward process. All if you have to do is marry a Spanish citizen and live in the country for one year. However, this only grants you a residence permit in Spain and authorization to work within the EU through your spouse. That means you may have to wait a few extra months before you can actually apply for your citizenship.

Of course, the requirements are a bit more stringent. For example, your parents would have to have included your birth certificate when submitting their application for citizenship. Additionally, the children would have to be minors under the age of 18 and will have the option to claim their citizenship for two years after the fact.

Unlike becoming a citizen by option, you can also become a citizen through your heritage. For example, children of Spanish nationals can get a Spanish passport almost immediately. When it comes to applying for citizenship in Spain, the application process and required documents are pretty straightforward. Our team of relocation specialists and legal representation can help you with every detail of your citizenship application, exam preparation, and more.

However, if you become a Spanish citizen, you must give up your original nationality and passport, unless you qualify for an exemption see below. You will enjoy the same rights as other Spanish citizens and become an EU citizen with freedom of movement throughout the EU.

You can also vote in local and European elections. And as a consequence of the withdrawal process known as Brexit, any citizen of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland residing in Spain is viewing their legal status with some uncertainty.

British expats already living in Spain could consider Spanish citizenship if they meet the necessary criteria for EU accession. This, however, would mean renouncing their British citizenship. It is also possible that in the future British expats may be required to apply for a Blue Card, an EU-wide approved work permit that allows highly skilled, non-EU citizens to work and live in Spain and other EU countries.

Spanish citizenship can be applied for by persons over 18 years of age by themselves, those who are 14 years of age or older with legal assistance, or through a legal guardian for those under 14 years of age. You can apply for Spanish nationality after 10 years of residence in Spain.

You can also acquire Spanish nationality by marriage or by birth in this case 1 year of residence in Spain is required , even if you or your Spanish parents were born outside Spain. For this, you will also be asked to prove that you are a "good citizen", with no criminal record, and that the authorities consider that you have a "sufficient" degree of integration into Spanish society, for example, being able to speak Spanish an exam is taken , as well as, a "constitutional knowledge" exam, which encompasses knowledge in the political, social and cultural fields of Spain.

You have to apply telematically or through the registries of the Government Delegations or Subdelegations. You must bring the required supporting documents for your Spanish citizenship application, plus a completed Spanish citizenship application form. Once they have lived legally in Spain for five uninterrupted years, citizens of non-EU countries can apply for an EU permanent residence permit.

A long-term residence permit allows you to remain in Spain working indefinitely, under the same conditions as Spanish citizens. Once you have this permit, you can work freely and enjoy Spain's social services and benefits. In general, you can move around other EU member states for up to 3 months, and even longer for certain purposes and as long as you are granted a permit to do so in order to apply for temporary residence cards in other EU countries, you must have EU long-term residence in Spain beforehand.

If you have a blue card from another EU member state and have lived elsewhere in the EU for the same period, this may also allow you long-term residence in Spain. However, as long as you have lived two years in Spain in advance. Spain charges a non-refundable fee to process your citizenship application, fixed, even if your application is rejected.

In the fee per nationality application was After the acquisition of the Spanish nationality there are some procedures that you will have to carry out in the Civil Registry closest to your domicile in Spain the civil registry corresponding to your place of registration.

In the event that you have acquired Spanish nationality by residence, by letter of nature or by option you will have to:.

The Export Bookmarks File window will close. Close the Library window. Volunteer Grow and share your expertise with others. Learn More. Restore bookmarks from backup or move them to another computer Firefox automatically creates backups of your bookmarks and saves the last 15 backups for safekeeping. Then you can import them to a new computer or browser, so it will feel just like your old one. Then click the three-dot icon and select Export Bookmarks. Finally, choose where to save your Chrome bookmarks.

Once you export your Chrome bookmarks, you can then import them on a new computer. Follow the steps below to find out how:. HelloTech editors choose the products and services we write about. When you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. BYOD 2. District Mobile Devices Email, Calendars and Contacts in Outlook Login Accounts and Passwords Mac OS and Applications BiTech 3.

Filemaker RunTime Solutions 0. Macintosh OS X Online Report Cards - Elementary 1. Other Software and Applications Web Browsers Firefox, Safari, Chrome Accessing Office Apps Web Version. Information about the Northshore School District Webfilter. What is the recommended web browser for the district?

I get prompted to update Adobe Flash Player. How do I turn off the pop-up blocker in a browser Firefox, Chrome, Safari? Why does the district have a web filter that blocks certain websites?

Firefox is in Offline Mode. How do I stop that from happening? A student was browsing inappropriate or questionable websites. How do I edit my Firefox toolbar bookmarks? Word, Excel, and Powerpoint Zoom: iPad Sharing Troubleshooting. How can I resolve my Zoom audio issues? How do I add the Konica Minolta multifunction printer to a Mac? Check Your iDrive Backups. Zoom Virtual Background Recommendations.

The fan on my Intel Mac runs continuously and loudly OR my battery will not charge. How do I check my Home Folder size and clear up space on my computer? Exported Chrome bookmarks will be put into an HTML file, which can then be imported into other browsers. Visit Insider's Tech Reference library for more stories.

Ennica Jacob. Ennica Jacob is a multimedia producer and video journalist. In Summer , she interned at the New York Daily News, where she penned two front page stories and covered daily breaking news from court proceedings to social events.

She's been freelancing with Insider since December and is currently a fellow with the Video Reference team. William Antonelli. William Antonelli is a writer and editor based in New York City. As Editor of Insider's Tech Reference vertical and a founding member of the Reference team, he's helped grow Tech Reference from humble beginnings into a juggernaut that attracts over 20 million visits a month.

You can find him on Twitter DubsRewatcher , or reach him by email at wantonelli insider. Additional comments. Email optional.

When an organization request booking details for a celebrity like Jonathan Toews, we work closely with the client to make sure the proposed dates does not interfere with the requested athletes schedule.

We then confirm the sports celebrity fee based on the details of the request. The fees listed on the speaker profile are rough estimates based on the previous market rate for the talent. Our team then works with Jonathan Toews's agent, manager or assistant on the booking request. For parties interested in hiring Jonathan Toews, we recommend filling out the booking request form so our booking agents can help with making your next event a success.

Contact Athlete Speakers today at to book Jonathan Toews for a virtual event, virtual meeting, virtual appearance, virtual keynote speaking engagement, webinar, video conference or Zoom meeting.

The booking agents at Athlete Speakers work to get you the best price for your desired sports personality. Athlete Speakers is a leader when it comes to booking virtual events in the sports world.

Since , we have built close relationships with top athletes, agents, publicists and managers. We assist all types of companies as well as event planners with booking athletes like Jonathan Toews for these virtual engagements.

Book Jonathan Toews for your Virtual Meeting. Athlete Speakers is a sports speakers bureau and marketing agency. We work on behalf of our clients to get the best booking price for the desired speaker.

In addition to arranging appearances and speaking engagements, we represent corporations, PR firms and other organizations hiring sports stars for advertising campaigns, marketing campaigns, endorsements, new product launches, publicity events, fundraisers, trade shows, conventions, meet and greets, virtual meetings, and product launches.

What is your relation to Jonathan Toews? What type of Rep you are Manager Agent Publist. What information would you like to update? Close Submit change request.

Add as your client? Yes Cancel. Jonathan Toews Agent Name:. View Contacts. Jonathan Toews Manager Name:. Jonathan Toews Publicist Name:. We promote concerts on a monthly basis, and use Bookingagentinfo.

I signed up for Booking Agent Info because I was having a hard time finding management and publicist info for artists that I wanted to interview for the publication that I write for.

At first I was really skeptical about things, I didn't know if the site was trustworthy. But I'm really glad I signed up! Rather than taking the time to dig through the internet, I can just go to Booking Agent Info and its all there for me. The site is very straightforward and any information I need is easy to search for. With Bookingagentinfo. It has also saved me time by providing me with the right person to talk to. I've been able to get in contact with representation for celebrities and am finding it much easier to get interviews for our podcast thanks to Booking Agent Info.

You can hire and book Jonathan Toews by contacting the official agent of Jonathan Toews. Jonathan Toews agent will be able to provide you with availability and pricing. You can get the contact details for Jonathan Toews agent in our database. Getting in touch for media inquiries You will want to get in touch with the press team of Jonathan Toews. How can I contact Jonathan Toews management? You can get access to all of Jonathan Toews contacts by signing up and becoming a member.

For information on Jonathan Toews speaking engagements, appearances, and speaking fees, contact a booking agent at Sports Speakers today! Category: Hockey Highlights: One of the greatest players in Chicago Blackhawks history, Jonathan Toews has played for Chicago since the season and played an integral role in the team winning the , and Stanley Cup. Jonathan Toews Booking Agent Details. Related Sports Speakers.

Duncan Keith Speaker Profile. Brent Seabrook Speaker Profile. Corey Crawford Speaker Profile.